Essential oils (EOs) are highly aromatic and volatile compounds obtained from plant material, which are also known as secondary plant metabolites. The plant active ingredients are produced under the control of genetic processes; however, its production in the plant varies under the influence of some environmental factors. Therefore, in the present study, the chemical analysis and identifies dominant essential oils compositions from SAGE (Salvia officinalis L. ) are investigated in Ardabil province, Iran. SAGE plant (Salvia officinalis L. ) were collected and After drying at room temperature, samples extracted by method of water, essential oils yield 0. 5% was obtained. Chemical analysis of the collected Salvia officinalis species was performed using a gas chromatograph (GC) coupled to a mass spectrometer (MS). Chemical analysis results showed that the plant contains 114 secondary chemical components, among which Camphor Bicyclo [2. 2. 1] heptan, compound was identified as the predominant essential oil (14. 47%). Comparing the study results with other samples collected from different parts of Iran and world reveals some significant similarities and differences in chemical structure and dominant composition of the medicinal plant. In addition, the geographical features and environmental conditions influence the change of secondary metabolites in various plants, Therefore, the researchers need to pay attention to this issue while identifying the plant essential oils.

Objectives: The study was performed to evaluate the animal manures effects on growth and development of SAGE biomass to achieve optimal essential oil yield. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted as a split plot design in time and in the form of randomized complete block with three replications in 2018 and 2019. Experimental treatments include poultry manure levels (low, medium and high: 2222, 3174, 5555 kg. ha-1, respectively), sheep manure levels (low, medium and high: 3788, 5411, 9470 kg. ha-1, respectively), , and cow manure levels (low, medium and high: 4310, 6157, 10775 kg. ha-1, respectively), chemical fertilizer, control that were compared in two cuttings. Measured traits included photosynthetic pigments, leaf area index, aerial dry weight, essential oil content and essential oil yield. Results: The main effects of fertilizer and cutting on all studied traits (except carotenoids, essential oil content, respectively) were significant. Chlorophylls content, aerial dry weight and essential oil yield were significantly influenced by the fertilizer treatment × cutting interaction. In the first cutting, the highest level of chlorophylls was observed in plots receiving high level of poultry manure. In the second cutting, plots receiving high level of poultry manure had the highest aerial dry weight (2953 kg. ha-1) and this treatment had the highest essential oil yield without significant difference with chemical fertilizer treatment. Conclusion: In general, high level application of poultry manure can produce dry matter yield as well as essential oil production equivalent to chemical fertilizer treatment. Therefore, considering the optimal agronomic efficiency of poultry manure and its residual effects in the agroecosytem, it is recommended for the production of SAGE.

Due to the medicinal properties, the root of SAGE (Salvia officinalis L. ) has been used from a very distant past. In the present study, the homogenate of SAGE and the SAGE treated with chitosan was extracted after drying using 96% ethanol. Then, ethanol solvent was removed from the extract using rotary equipment. To do this research, 60 adult male white Wistar rats were used. The rats were divided into six groups of 10. The oral extract of SAGE and the SAGE treated with chitosan was used at a dose of 200 mg/kg. In addition, a dose of 50 mg/kg of isoniazid was used as gavage to induce oxidative effect. The DPPH method was also used with the help of 1, 2-diphenyl 1-picyril hydrazine to compare the antioxidant effects of SAGE and the SAGE treated with chitosan. The use of alcoholic extract of Salvia sp. led to reduced triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL and ALP as well as increased HDL levels. In addition, the extract of SAGE treated with chitosan led to decreased LDL, ALT and increased HDL levels. Therefore, according to the results, it was concluded that the beneficial effects of the factors evaluated were significant. Also, the DPPH test results showed that antioxidant effects of alcoholic extract of the SAGE treated with chitosan was much higher and more effective than SAGE, indicating the positive effect of chitosan treatment on the amount of SAGE antioxidants. The results of this study confirmed the undesirable effects of isoniazide on the cells of body.

SAGE is a plant belonging to the Labiatae family. It is native to Middle East and Mediterranean areas, but today has been naturalized throughout the world. In folk medicine, Salvia officinalis has been used for the treatment of different kinds of disorders including seizure, ulcers, gout, rheumatism, inflammation, dizziness, tremor, paralysis, diarrhea, and hyperglycemia. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the foliar application of putrescine on the macro elements of SAGE leaves. The treatments used included four levels of putrescine, Put (Control: 0, Put1: 500, Put2: 1000, and Put3: 1500 ppm) with five replications.According to the results of this research, putrescine had significant effects on the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphate. The results showed that the amount of potassium and calcium in SAGE increased significantly when putrescine was used at 1500 mg/l. The highest magnesium and sulphate content was observed in 1000 mg/l. The findings of the present study can be used to manage the production of medicinal plants and the quality of their products. In addition, in sustainable agriculture, using polyamine substances can reduce the application rate of chemical fertilizers, thereby maintaining the environment. Also, the polyamine putrescine (Put) plays an essential role in controlling the innate immune response.

SAGE is a plant belonging to the Labiatae family. It is native to Middle East and Mediterranean areas, but today has been naturalized throughout the world. In folk medicine, Salvia officinalis has been used for the treatment of different kinds of disorders including seizure, ulcers, gout, rheumatism, inflammation, dizziness, tremor, paralysis, diarrhea, and hyperglycemia. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the foliar application of putrescine on the macro elements of SAGE leaves. The treatments used included four levels of putrescine, Put (Control: 0, Put1: 500, Put2: 1000, and Put3: 1500 ppm) with five replications.According to the results of this research, putrescine had significant effects on the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulphate. The results showed that the amount of potassium and calcium in SAGE increased significantly when putrescine was used at 1500 mg/l. The highest magnesium and sulphate content was observed in 1000 mg/l. The findings of the present study can be used to manage the production of medicinal plants and the quality of their products. In addition, in sustainable agriculture, using polyamine substances can reduce the application rate of chemical fertilizers, thereby maintaining the environment. Also, the polyamine putrescine (Put) plays an essential role in controlling the innate immune response.

Introduction: The Salvia is a large genus with about 58 species from Lamiaceae family in Iran. It has been well-known in pharmacopeia that has been used with special attention in the ancient era. The Essential oils, terpenoids, derivatives of phenolics acids and flavonoids are the main secondary metabolite constituents in Salvia species. The Pharmaceutical properties of the Salvia plants are mainly due to antioxidant activities of their secondary metabolites. It has various applications in Pharmaceutical, foods, hygienic-cosmetics and perfume industries as well as utilized in beverages as flavor. The species of Salvia officinalis is a perennial medicinal herb from Lamiaceae family. The origin of salvia species has been reported in the northern Mediterranean and North Africa zones. The most important constituents of the essential oil are included: Tujan (30-50%), Cineol (10-15%), Camphor (6-10%) and Borneol (6 to 14%). Recently, it has been reported that the essential oil of the S. officinalis, especially some of its compounds, including Cineol, Tujan, Camphor, have an antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. Drought is the most harmful factor of crops and medicinal plants production in the arid and semi-arid eras which has a negative impact on all aspects of plant growth and production. Also, in the plants exposed to severe soil dry the photosynthetic apparatus activities were damaged or impaired, leading to a decrease of photosynthetic capacity and lipid oxidation is increased in these conditions. Therefore, the use of mechanisms that lead to losses of this tension can be useful. One way to deal with the devastating effects of drought is the use of up to date and modern technologies such as Nano science. Nano-titanium dioxide has beneficial effects on the growth, physiological processes and activities of the plant metabolism. This study was to evaluate the effect of titanium dioxide spray on some physiological characteristics and activities of antioxidant enzymes SAGE was conducted under drought stress. Materials and methods: This study was conducted in 2017 at the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experimental treatments was included drought stress (irrigated in Field capacity, depletion of soil water content up to 50% and 75% of FC condition) and foliar Nano Titanium dioxide spray (Control, 50 and 100 mg. l-1). Physiological traits (Chlorophyll a, b and T. chlorophyll, Total phenol, Proline) and activities of antioxidant enzymes (Peroxidase (POD), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) were estimated in this experiment. Results: Based on the results, increasing of stress severity reduced some traits, So that the soil’ s water content lose to the 75% of the field capacity led to decrease in dry matter, Chlorophyll a, b and T. Chlorophyll of the plant’ s leaf. However, total phenolic content, Proline concentration, the Peroxidase (POD), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activities were increased. Also, the results of simple effects of foliar application levels showed that by increasing the concentration of foliar application, the traits were increased, so that The highest Chlorophyll a and relative water content of leaf was obtained in plants treated with 100 mg. l-1 TiO2 and on the other hand, the results of reciprocal effects showed The highest phenolic content, Proline concentration, and the activities of POD, APX, GPX, SOD and CAT were obtained in plants subtended in depletion of soil water content up to 75% of FC and sprayed with 100 and mg. l-1TiO2. Conclusion: According to the results it could be stated that due to the small size of TiO2 particles and easier penetration into the leaf it can affects growth and photosynthetic properties of SAGE and by reduced the lipid peroxidation, through increasing the antioxidant defense system activities and the content of osmotic regulators (Proline) of the plant and consequently, leads to cells’ structures stability against water stress.